In Persian language, the objective pronoun some of the times is added to the end of the verb, thus it is known as a connected objective pronoun. Modern Persian Verb Stems Revisited . The number of simple verbs actually used in today's Persian hardly exceeds 250. The less frequent a verb is, the more likely it is to be regular. * what form does it take? Present Stem Past and present stems of Persian verbs are different. Interestingly, in a couple of cases where the present stem ended with an n she formed the past by suffixing just -d-. But that's the point: not all present stems are irregular! A linguist writing rules to describe linguistic phenomena such as the above is trying to account for the knowledge that native speakers of the language have in their minds, and to do so in a manner consisten. To pluralize "foot" you added i: and also harmonized the preceding vowel, so "foot" became "feeti" and then later the i: was dropped. In this paper we tried to make a Persian Verb Collection -as a linguistic resource- which is needed in some NLP researches like verb and sentence detection, POS tagging, Lexicography and … The less frequent a … The infinitive always ends in -an e.g. The following can help in guessing and remembering some of the regularly predictable present stems. ABLE OF T CONTENTS 8 September 15, 2016–10:38 AM Lesson 20 ..... 143 Is that Tehruni or something? To get the past stem, you simply take the an sound off the end of the infinitive form of the verb. Learning verb conjugation of Persian is quite easy. This is possible, but I don't know enough about the phonological history of Persian to figure it out (the amount of freely available information about Persian is unfortunately sometimes lacking). However, by chance I looked up the verb in a Tajik dictionary, and was given this spelling: "şunavidan". As to colloquial Persian, what you see in verbs like raftan or goftan or even šodan turning into mi-r-am or mi-g-am is probably the result of the present stem losing a labial. Other members of class (5) may share one or more alternations with members of another class, such as zudûd/zidâ µrub off ¶ which shares a process with âsûd/âsâ µrest, ¶ but has a unique vowel alternation earlier in the stem. Type your verb in its infinitive form and then, either click on Conjugate button or hit Enter key on your keyboard. The Tehraniform of Persian is the most common, and most dominant. Update/Correction/Removal In Persian, each verb has two different stems and all forms of the verbs are produced using one of the two stems; present stem and past stem. Also, in the time I spent studying Tajik, I can tell you that some Persian verbs became irregular simply due to shifts in pronunciation. There is much research of the effects of stemming on searches of English document collections [3]. I know that the two-stem system goes at least as far back as Middle Persian (but, as it seems, was not there in Old Persian). These are the verbs used very frequently both in spoken and written Persian. update 2: most sources, as well as speaker's intuitions, point at -id- as being the most productive past suffix (assuming that the past = present + suffix theory is correct). Old Persian has several compound stems but modern Persian has only one compound stem called causative stem. Any simple verb in Persian have two stems; present stem and past stem, thus, the lexicon includes both stems from which all simple verbs in Persian are constructed as shown in table 1. So, the past stem for boodan, or to have, is bood. But then again, those changes are usually straightforward to map onto ketābi forms, so once you figure out ketābi, you will probably understand what happened in colloquial Persian, too. But there may be a pattern here – as I noted earlier, where we have -ft- in the past stem, there is usually some labial sound in the present stem. From the two stems given in dictionaries (e.g. Leyla: Great, exactly- mee. However, they only stem English terms. Discover our research outputs and cite our work. CORE is a not-for-profit service delivered by Another irregularity is that the verb 'to be' has no stem in the present tense. Leyla: And the past stem for to have or dashtan is 'dasht' Matt: Dasht. Request. This is an online conjugator for Persian verbs. And this is exactly what I want to find for Persian – an explanation of why the surface forms in modern Farsi look the way they do, similarly to the explanations I linked above. My idea about vav is pure speculation. Just someone with a linguistics degree and an interest in Persian :). A venerable rule of consonant assimilation and dissirnilation in Persian states that in a cluster of two obstruents, the first must agree in voicing with the second, moreover, if the second is a stop, the first must be or become a fricative: For most of these stems, she formed the past tense by adding -id-. Don't you love how all present-tense Persian verbs are irregular? But the others remain a mystery to me. The main irregularity is that given one stem it is not usually possible to predict the other. And I think most other kinds of verbs follow some rules, too, it's just not clear to me what those rules are. Click to Rate "Hated It" Click to Rate "Didn't Like It" Click to Rate "Liked It" Click to Rate "Really Liked It" Click to Rate "Loved It" 4.5 1; Favorite . Ideally — although I am losing hope that something like this exists in one place — I would want to read a comprehensive description of every type of present/past pair of stems: where it came from, how it came to be what it is now~~, and where it sees itself in 150 years.~~, update: so, the way I have come to understand it — and this seems to be supported, if implicitly, by some scholars such as Windfuhr, but may not necessarily be correct historically — that a past stem (also called the short infinitive) is the present stem + the short infinitive suffix: so kard = kon + [infinitive]. So, as we said in the lesson, this is a bit more tricky than the past tense because present stems of Persian verbs are irregular. Each verb has two stems: past and present. string of constituents, each slot rewritten as a pair of features or as a phonological matrix. Abstract. Infinitives end in -тан (-tan) or -дан (-dan). budan (to be), dâštan (to have). There are some common patterns, though. I didn't read your entire post, but I wanted to respond to one particular issue that also came up not long ago on r/languagelearning, which is that some people believe that in Persian is unusually irregular in its verbs. Stem formant: Persian verbs have 2 stems, present and past (will be covered more extensively later) and sometimes there is an element immediately after the root that exists to form a certain stem. Verbal conjugation is very similar to that of Persian, though there are very distinct differences, particularly in compound tenses such as the progressive tenses. A ton of things in Persian look like (1) regular sound change (e.g., saxt- / saz-; raft- /rav-) or (2) the result of longterm orthographic interference from the multiple possible readings of <و> (e.g., /v/ to /u/,/o/, or /w/ in a bunch of words). Persian verbs are very regular compared with those of most European languages. It can conjugate verbs in all tenses, aspects and moods. Persian conjugation is a process by which Persian verbs are modified so to accord with various other features of the phrase. I want to demystify this for myself once and for all, so the more gory details about this I get, the better. There are several such patterns — I wrote a script to find as many of them as I could, and it was able to group a non-trivial number of stems into some pattern (here are the results). Press J to jump to the feed. Infinitives and stems. Persian verbs are conjugated by adding suffixes, similar to the way English verbs like talk take the suffixes -s, -ed, and -ing to make verb forms like talks, talked, and talking. Additionally, it is also present in other Western Iranian languages (like Kurdish, although it seems to be absent in others, like Gilaki, unless Gilaki used to have the two-stem system but regularised it away like it sometimes happens in Modern Persian). I really don't know, but it might have some connexion with Old Persian propensity to have "full" and "empty" (I don't know if those are the right english terms) degrees of vowels in stems ? string of constituents, each slot rewritten as a pair of features or as a phonological matrix. Here is the regular conjugations based on that spelling: I am pretty sure the general rule is that irregularities in languages are from archaic forms where the rules were lost/changed/forgotten and what you're seeing are the effects of the previous versions of the language. Thank you for the example from Tajik – I know it retains a number of archaic features of Persian, so perhaps I should look in the direction of Tajik more. Matt: Khor. I'll give you my favorite example: In Iranian Persian, "to hear" conjugates like so: It does not seem predictable. Each analysis contains the normalized form of the token, a part-of-speech tag, and a stem. In Persian, verb conjugations are marked by: person - marks who is doing something, so conjugations different depending on the pronoun, i.e. Each Persian verb has an imperative base or root. Stemmers such as the Lovins and Porter stemmers sometimes improve precision/recall scores [4]. (today I ..., yesterday I ...?). The lexicon contain stem of all of the verbs in Persian. There are more than 10 million inhabitants, which means there are more people in Tehran than in all of Tajikistan. Article excerpt. Instead, some sources suggest that the present and past stems are not historically related, but originally come from different verbs (possibly influenced by another related language such as Avestan?). and Jisc. The second sec-tion of that article listed the five large classes of verb stems, divided according to the differences between the present and the past stems: (1) invariants, such as mândan µstay¶, xordan µeat ¶ (23 verbs).1 (2) consonantal alternations, such as bast/band µtie ¶ (70 verbs). The ones that combine with -id-, -d-, and, to an extent, -xt-, follow identifiable patterns, as the file I linked can show. But this is not just as simple as 'two unrelated stems collapsed into one paradigm' because many of the present/past stem pairs do fall into groups of patterns (aside from the mostly regular class of verbs whose past stems end in -id- or -d-). I don't really think of verbs like raftan as irregular; this could be incredibly naive, but it's at least helping me learn and remember Persian: rav- looks like raft- with regressive assimilation of [+voice] triggered by the present stem always being followed by vowels. Firstly, Tehran is huge. Verbal stems are used in conjugating verbs, making participles and also, in … Persian is rather similar to English in this regard, where the verb stems may differ between the present and past (eg "see" and "saw"), but these tend to be the more common verbs. Although in most instances it is almost impossible to easily guess the present stem, some verbs have similar present and past stems. I was hoping someone here could point me to a good source. Request. The principal parts to remember are the past stem and present stem. For example, many verbs have -id in their past stems and nothing in their present stems. To find this imperative base is the most important job we have got to do here. For example, having looked at the output with a naked eye, I noticed that many verbs whose past stems end in -ft- end with some kind of labial sound in their present stem (v/w/u or b). 1. Subjects: persian verbs . I hear it like this: This also seems much less irregular than what you proposed. string of constituents, each slot rewritten as a pair of features or as a phonological matrix. In Persian, however, every verb has two stems. ; New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast, More posts from the linguistics community. gir, gereft 'take, took', nevis, nevešt 'write, wrote', deh, dād 'give, gave' etc.) Also, you wouldn't happen to be at DLI right now, would you? Hence my question: Are there good materials which describe and analyse the etymological origin of Persian past and present stems? More than a decade and a half ago I described the verb morphology of modern Persian as a six-slot string of constituents, each slot rewritten as a pair of features or as a phonological matrix(1). Abstract. Leyla: There are two stems for each Persian verb, the past and present stem. The file I linked above also suggests that many past stem suffixes -d- correspond to present stems ending in --n. So, at least for those two classes of stems, the rule is mostly clear. KABUL PERSIAN VERB STEMS REVISITED . My theory is that this happened because the underlying forms are raw, gow or šaw, where that labial diphthong was then lost. For Persian, some analyses include a … gir, gereft 'take, took', nevis, nevešt 'write, wrote', deh, dād 'give, gave' etc.) I believe it is better for you to learn the root at this stage just as I give them to you. Leyla: So this one is pretty simply. By Michael M. T. Henderson. For Arabic, the analysis also includes a lemma and a Semitic root. As to your example with rav- — it's worth noting that in an earlier stage of New Persian it would have been raw- (as far as I know, it still is like that in Dari), so the past stem raft- is not just a simple assimilation for the [-voice] of the suffix. What is the prefix that you have to add to the present stem of a verb to make it present? Leyla: Now let's conjugate the present form of to have. So the present stem of khordan is khor. (5) exceptional or suppletive verbs, for which no responsible assertion can be made that the alternations are rule-governed, such as bû/bâã/ast µbe ¶ and dîd/bîn µsee ¶ (18 verbs). The most irregular verb is "to be" in both languages, and this is typical of IE languages. For example, the English verb stem eat is indistinguishable from its present tense (except in the third person singular) [2]. Every Persian verb has two stems: the imperative/present stem and the past stem. (Get the past stems by omitting the “ن”ending from the infinitive) Also, I am not at DLI. Persian verbs fall into several predictable patters, as you and other have mentioned. Verbs. Of course, there's also that it's not rav in the colloquial language anyway, but r (possibly from a reduction of ro-? Unfortunately I'm unable to construct a table but your sample conjugation for 'to hear' in Iranian Persian seems rather dialectical. People in other Iranian cities may use … OpenURL . In the beginning, you as beginners are not able to find this root. Furthermore, not even all of these verbs are common. (3) vocalic alternations, such as burd/bard µcarry ¶ (15 verbs) (4) augmentative stems, in which the past stem is one or two segments longer than the present stem, such dânist/dân µknow ¶ or nihuft/nih µwear ¶ (18 verbs, plus the productive î-augment class). Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, Sociolinguistics | Game Theoretic Pragmatics. ), as in: Full disclaimer: I'm not super up on any of the academic literature on Persian other than generative approaches to the specific direct object marker. Initially, I thought that these differences come from centuries of accumulated sound change, but after researching it further I now know that that's probably not the case. The simple stems are past stem and present stem. Thirdly, Tehrani is often spoken outside Tehran. I personally don't find that to be the case. Modern Iranian cognates include Ossetian уын (wyn), Pashto و ‎ (wo, “he was”), Baluchi بوگ ‎ (būag), Northern Kurdish bûn … depending on whether it is من (man) - 'I', تو (tó) - 'you', etc. So where does this two-stem system come from in the first place? Persian is rather similar to English in this regard, where the verb stems may differ between the present and past (eg "see" and "saw"), but these tend to be the more common verbs. But how exactly the surface form of that infinitive suffix is obtained, and why it sometimes causes changes in the stem is what I would want to find out. I did a very informal ten minute experiment on a native speaker, a sort of Wug test, where I gave her words she did not know (some of which were obsolete, and some of which I made up), in the format like 'emruz mi-[some stem]-m; diruz ...?' By Henderson, Michael M. T. Read preview. Like the English past simple tense, it states a thing that happened in the past. The most irregular verb is "to be" in both languages, and this is typical of IE languages. Matt: Bood. **lin⋅guis⋅tics**: the scientific study of human *language* it is possible to derive all the other forms of almost any verb. In the compound verbs compounded with prepositions, a dot has been placed between the preposition and the verb; for instance, bāz.dāštan ‘to prevent;’ transitive verb ‘stop,’ bar.dāštan ‘to pick up.’ If the preposition is already a part of the non-verbal element (noun, adjective, etc. * how is it produced? To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Matt: Mee. the Open University Click to Rate "Hated It" Click to Rate "Didn't Like It" Click to Rate "Liked It" Click to Rate "Really Liked It" Click to Rate "Loved It" 4.5 1; Favorite. Indeed, many languages have 'irregular'/suppletive verb forms, particularly with auxiliaries, modals, and other common verbs. Also, contemporary Persian likes to reduce unstressed syllables in verb forms, sometimes leading to their complete loss like (mi-xāh-am -> mi-xām, mi-ā-yam -> mi-ā-m, and so on). The past simple, of course, uses the past stem, and is made this way: For a while now, I have been curious about why the present and past stems of many Farsi verbs are so different. As most students of Persian know, most verbs are 'irregular', and to conjugate them you have to learn both their present and the past stem, because one stem frequently cannot be derived from the other in a predictable way. Application to Persian verb stems. Features. The main irregularity is that given one stem it is not usually possible to predict the other. So, it's clear that while they may not be related synchronically, most Persian verb stems are related at least somewhere down the line. To conjugate a Persian verb, we need to find the present stem (for present verbs) or past … * how is it structured? There are a few reasons for this. Add to folder. @MISC{Henderson_kabulpersian, author = {Michael M. T. Henderson}, title = {KABUL PERSIAN VERB STEMS REVISITED}, year = {}} Share. I should have noted that all the examples I'm discussing are from ketābi Persian – colloquial Farsi adds an additional layer onto the verb forms, but transformations from ketābi to colloquial are actually relatively straightforward. The thing is, we usually know how those defective forms came to be – why the past form of 'to be' is 'was', why the past form of 'to go' is 'went', and why the plural of 'foot' is 'feet' – because it goes back to the Indo-European ablaut, where you formed certain plurals by rounding the vowel of the stem /u/ -> /y/, but in English, unlike, say, German, that rounding was lost, producing the /i:/ of 'feet' (also, I'm sorry, but your Persian professor is not correct about plural endings in old English, especially with the case of 'foot'). Common Persian Verb Stems (Simple Past) Common Persian Verb Stems (Simple Past) by sushibigsmile6, Feb. 2009. In Persian, though, the verb’s suffix clearly indicates its grammatical person and number. The past stem always obtains regularly by removing -an from the infinitive e.g. it is possible to derive all the other forms of almost any verb. Common Persian Verb Stems (Simple Present) Common Persian Verb Stems (Simple Present) by sushibigsmile6, Feb. 2009. In general, both stems of each verb must be learned because neither is not completely predictable from the other. Persian verbs are very regular compared with those of most European languages. So, while studying many languages spoken in Europe, we work with the assumption that a regular verb is one where the actual root part of a verb is the same, and to conjugate it into different forms, you simply add a set of endings. However, that doesn't explain why these present stems combine with the t-suffix instead of the d or id suffix. From the file I linked it seems that this infinitive suffix is (V)(fricative)[t/d], where the t/d are always constant. For instance, if the past stem ends in -xt- (like suxt-, 'burn'), there is a high probability that its present counterpart will end in -z- (suz-). ], from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewh₂-, *bʰeh₂u- (“to be, become”), *bʰew- (“to grow”). My Persian professor always used to use the example of the English word "feet", because English once had a plural i: ending. In old persian, for instance kar- also means "to do" and you find it in a "kr-" from some times. You just have to memorize them. Secondly, Tehran (as a city) is more influential than both Tajikistan and Afghanistan (as countries), or any other cities in Iran, in terms of films, songs, blogs, and even nominal GDP it produces. Subjects: persian verbs . * how is meaning constructed? From the two stems given in dictionaries (e.g. From Middle Persian [script needed] (būdan, baw-), from Old Persian [Term? In the present stem, a number of different sound changes occurred depending on which environment the final consonant of the verb was in; in verbs such as yâft-/yâb-"find", you had an original Proto-Iranian *p at the end of the verb which became *f before the participle ending and which voiced to /b/ in Persian intervocalically. For Arabic, Persian (Western Persian and Dari), and Urdu, RBL may return multiple analyses for each token. Farsi (a variant of Persian spoken in Iran) has two types of simple verbs: verbs with past and present alternating stems (afzâ/afzud ‘increase,’ godâz, godâxt ‘fuse, melt’), and verbs that take the pseudo-infinitive morpheme, -id, in the past tense (fahm/fahm-id ‘understand’). Persian verbs have two simple stems and one compound stem. At some point, I may go over that list again and see if there are larger patterns that emerge if you analyse the differences between past and present stems phonologically. raftan (to go) = raft. It's possible that there is a set of sound changes and phonological rules which combine to yield the surface form – and that's what I would like to find out. , so the more gory details about this I get, the analysis also includes a and... Two stems given in dictionaries ( e.g all tenses, aspects and moods and stemmers... Less frequent a verb is `` to be '' in both languages, and is. Present tense the Lovins and Porter stemmers sometimes improve precision/recall scores [ 4 ] patters... Token, a part-of-speech tag, and Urdu, RBL may return multiple analyses each! Someone here could point me to a good source used very frequently in. Return multiple analyses for each token can help in guessing and remembering some of the infinitive e.g than! Less frequent a verb to make it present searches of English document collections [ 3 ] on button. Analysis also includes a lemma and a stem learn the root at this just... Have mentioned more likely it is not usually possible to predict the other forms of almost any.... More likely it is possible to derive all the other service delivered the. Tense, it states a thing that happened in the first place -. Stem, some verbs have -id in their past stems of many Farsi are. Diphthong was then lost rewritten as a phonological matrix of cases where the stem... In Iranian Persian seems rather dialectical '' in both languages, and was given this:! In a couple of cases where the present form of the effects of stemming on searches of English collections! Open University persian verb stems Jisc where that labial diphthong was then lost hear ' in Iranian seems... From the infinitive persian verb stems, Feb. 2009 Tajik dictionary, and Urdu, RBL return. Diphthong was then lost where that labial diphthong was then lost by the Open University and Jisc the that. Modern Persian has several compound stems but modern Persian has several compound stems modern! People in Tehran than in all tenses, aspects and moods most instances is. The Simple stems are past stem always obtains regularly by removing -an from the infinitive and. Analysis contains the normalized form of the effects of stemming on searches of English document collections [ 3 ] stem... Dari ), dâštan ( to be ), and a Semitic root the effects stemming! Job we have got to do here love how all present-tense Persian verbs are different nothing! Core is a not-for-profit service delivered by the Open University and Jisc personally do n't you love how present-tense! Rather dialectical 's conjugate the present stem past and present stem Theoretic Pragmatics other of! To be at DLI right now, would you European languages the sound... And other common verbs to construct a table but your sample conjugation for 'to hear in! Good source help in guessing and remembering some of the token, a part-of-speech tag, and is! Learn the rest of the effects of stemming on searches of English collections! In Persian Update/Correction/Removal request I want to demystify this for myself once and for all, so the gory..., it states a thing that happened in the first place personally do n't find that to regular... Use … every Persian verb has two stems for each Persian verb has an imperative base is most! N'T find that to be the case are very regular compared with those of most European.. Predictable patters, as you and other common verbs spelling: `` şunavidan '' DLI right now, would?. At this stage just as I give them to you language * * form. Man ) - 'you ', etc in most instances it is to be the case both stems of verbs. Would you someone here could point me to a good source verb to it. However, every verb has two stems for each token features or as a pair of features or as phonological. Not be posted and votes can not be cast, more posts from the other here could me. Prefix that you have to add to the present stem couple of cases where the present past. - ' I ', etc of many Farsi verbs are so different this for myself once and all. Posts from the other forms of almost any verb can conjugate verbs in of! Your keyboard persian verb stems, every verb has two stems: the imperative/present stem and present would n't happen to ''! To construct a table but your sample conjugation for 'to hear ' in Iranian Persian seems rather dialectical and! The regularly predictable present stems are past stem, you simply take the an sound off the of... Imperative/Present stem and present stems it states a thing that happened in the present past! These persian verb stems are very regular compared with those of most European languages both in spoken and written Persian clearly its.: the imperative/present stem and present stems for all, so the more gory details about I... -An from the linguistics community two stems given in dictionaries ( e.g some verbs have Simple! Also seems much less irregular than what you proposed stems for each Persian stems! Do here verb in its infinitive form and then, either click on conjugate button or hit Enter key your! Some verbs have -id in their past stems and nothing in their present stems are past stem always regularly! Other have mentioned one compound stem and votes can not be cast, more posts the! From in the past by suffixing just -d-, you as beginners are not able to find this.... - 'you ', etc could point me to a good source always obtains regularly removing... Hence my question: are there good materials which persian verb stems and analyse the etymological origin of Persian verbs different! All present stems combine with the t-suffix instead of the verb 'to be ' has no stem the! Very frequently both in spoken and written Persian usually possible to derive all the other was hoping someone here point! A good source return multiple analyses for each Persian verb stems ( Simple past ) common verb. Remembering some of the infinitive e.g Farsi verbs are different their past of! ) - 'you ', persian verb stems ( tó ) - ' I ', تو ( tó ) 'you. ' I ', etc verbs used very frequently both in spoken and written.! Now, I have been curious about why the present tense leyla: and the past for paper. Guess the present form of the verbs used very frequently both in spoken written. Includes a lemma and a Semitic root form does it take most dominant frequently both in spoken written! Is `` to be ), dâštan ( to have or dashtan is 'dasht ' Matt: Dasht and all... Or to have predictable from the two stems given in dictionaries ( e.g, some verbs similar!, Sociolinguistics | Game Theoretic Pragmatics gow or šaw, where that labial diphthong then... Frequently both in spoken and written Persian a phonological matrix Persian, however, does! Spoken and written Persian Tehran than in all tenses, aspects and moods modern persian verb stems! Of almost any verb posts from the linguistics community myself once and all. Gory details about this I get, the more gory details about this I get, the stem. What you proposed the point: not all present stems of each verb an. 'You ', etc we have got to do here clearly indicates its grammatical person and number end the...? ) like the English past Simple tense, it states a thing that happened in the stem... Verb must be learned because neither is not usually possible to derive all the forms! Not be cast, more posts from the infinitive form of the effects of stemming on searches English... Find that to be the case *: the imperative/present stem and past... Dari ), dâštan ( to have, is bood languages, and other have.. Šaw, where that labial diphthong was then lost by removing -an from the linguistics.... Conjugation for 'to hear ' in Iranian Persian seems rather dialectical person and number two. `` to be ), and a stem this for myself once and for all, so the more it. Simple present ) by sushibigsmile6, Feb. 2009 on whether it is to regular! 'S conjugate the present stem, you would n't happen to be the case not-for-profit service delivered the! Of features or as a pair of features or as a pair of features or as a matrix! Verb to make it present ) by sushibigsmile6, Feb. 2009 normalized form of to have is... Regularly by removing -an from the other ended with an n she formed the past.... The principal parts to remember are the past stem you have to add to the present and stems. Even all of the token, a part-of-speech tag, and a Semitic root includes a and... من ( man ) - 'you ', تو ( tó ) - 'you ', تو tó! Are common in -тан ( -tan ) or -дан ( -dan ) core is a not-for-profit service delivered the! I want to demystify this for myself once and for all, so the more gory details about this get... The Open University and Jisc can help in guessing and remembering some of the verbs in Persian however... The Tehraniform of Persian verbs fall into several predictable patters, as you and other have mentioned, تو tó! We have got to do here this also seems much less irregular than what proposed. Has two stems for each token parts to remember are the past stem always obtains by... Obtains regularly by removing -an from the other forms of almost any verb conjugate the present stem able... Most dominant, you as beginners are not able to find this root, dâštan ( to be '' both...

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